VIOLENCE, Its all Types and Factors

Violence

The Living Legend 
Ahmad Javed Kamran Amiri

Dated: Sunday 19^th May 2019

As we know and see that violence is a growing phenomenon, especially in the land that we and you live in, Afghanistan, I wanted to use this word and the word that many have even heard. It is painful to discuss and explain all sorts of factors, as well as its causes, to somehow fulfill my human and Islamic vicissitudes.

The word violence covers a wide range.

Violence can range from conflict, physical, verbal or emotional conflict, behavior and behavior between two people to genocide wars that result in millions of people dying and its consequences.

Violence is using the physical force to put others in a position contrary to their will.

Violence is a behavior that is aimed for hurting others physically, mentally / psychologically, emotionally and financially to prevent occupational, social, cultural, political, economic, personal development, and disregard for others.

Violence in other Words; is a relatively common type of human behavior that occurs throughout the world. People of any age may be violent, although older adolescents and young adults are most likely to engage in violent behavior. Violence has a lot number of negative effects on those who experience it, women and children are especially susceptible to its harm and being harmed. Fortunately, now there is various programs which have been successful for preventing and reducing violence all over the world.

Violence is a state of behavior that is imposed on others by the use of physical or non-physical force, and most violence can occur as a result of anger, indoctrination, and narrow-mindedness.

Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical or forceful force, threatened or actual, against themselves, another person, or against a group or community that either increases or increases the probability of causing death or psychological injury. Development is inaccurate or deprived,' although the group acknowledges that the 'use of power' in its definition is extended to the usual understanding of the word (violence).

In the Middle East, violence killed 1.28 million in 2013 from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, approximately 842,000 were related to self-injury (suicide), 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to violence (war) and legal intervention. In Africa, every 100,000 deaths cause 60.9 deaths each year.

In 2013, gun attacks were the leading cause of interpersonal violence, with 180,000 deaths. That same year, the massive attack killed 114,000 people, and the remaining 110,000 violent deaths were linked to other causes.

Violence is preventable in many cases. It is mentionable to say that there is a strong relationship between the levels of violence and changeable factors such as economic issues, centralized poverty, different types of incomes and gender inequality, harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of secure, sustainable and nurturing relationships between children and parents.

Types of Violence

1.       Violence against yourself

2.       Collective violence

3.       War Violence

4.       Non-physical violence

5.       Interpersonal violence

6.       Violent intent

7.       Daily Violence

Agents/ Factors

1.       Child rearing

2.       Psychology

3.       Media

Prevention

1.       Interpersonal Violence

2.       Collective Violence

3.       Criminal Justice

4.       General Hygiene

5.       Human or Human Rights

6.       Geographical Location

Epidemiology

1.       Violence Against Yourself

2.       Interpersonal Violence

3.       Collective Violence

Story

1.       The better angels of our nature

Society and Culture

1.       Economic impacts

2.       Religion

Typology of Violence

Violence can be divided into three broad categories:

•         Autonomous Violence

•         Interpersonal Violence

•         Collective Violence

Violent acts can be:

•         Physical

•         Gender / Sexual

·         Physical / Physiological

•         Be emotional

This initial categorization is between violence perpetrated by a person (male / female), violence by another person or a small group of individuals and violence by larger groups such as states, organized political groups, groups The militias and terrorist organizations create, make a difference. These three broad categories are each described more as a specific type of violence.

Violence is primarily classified as tool or hostile / reactionary.

Autonomous Violence

Autonomous violence is subdivided into suicidal behavior and self-abuse. In the past, Chu's thoughts on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, also referred to suicide or deliberate self-harm in some countries. In contrast, self-abuse involves actions such as monopoly.

Collective Violence

 Polish civilians massacred during Nazi occupation in Poland (Poland), 1939

Collective violence is divided into structural and economic violence. Unlike the other two broad categories, the sub-categories of mass violence show possible motivations for violence perpetrated by larger groups of individuals or governments. Collective violence that is committed to promoting a particular social program, for example, is the hate crimes committed by organized groups, terrorist acts and collective violence. Political violence includes wars and related violent conflicts, government violence, and similar acts by large groups. Economic violence involves attacks by larger groups for economic gain - such as attacks aimed at disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic divisions. Clearly, the actions taken by large groups can have many motivations.

War Violence

War is a large-scale, violent protracted state of affairs that involves two or more groups of people usually supported by the government. This is the most extreme form of mass violence. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial disputes and so on, as a war of invasion of territory or resources of looting, in defense of self or national freedom, or in suppressing part of the country's efforts to secede. We also know that there are ideological, religious and revolutionary wars.

Modern war deaths have increased since the Industrial Revolution. World War I casualties were more than 40 million and World War II casualties more than 70 million.

Non-Physical Violence

Non-physical violence includes acts that are ignored or neglected by a power relationship, including threats and intimidation. Such non-physical violence has a wide range of consequences - including psychological trauma, deprivation, and false development. Violence does not necessarily lead to injury or death, but nevertheless, it frequently affects individuals, families, communities, and health care systems around the world. Many forms of violence can lead to physical, psychological and social problems that do not necessarily lead to injury, disability or death. These consequences can be immediate and non-concealed and can continue for years after the initial abuse. As such, defining outcomes solely in terms of injury or death limits the understanding of the effects of violence.

Interpersonal Violence

Interpersonal violence is divided into two subdivisions: Domestic violence and intimate partner violence - that is, violence typically occurs between family members and partner spouses, though not exclusively at home. Community Violence - Violence that exists between unrelated people and may or may not overlook each other is generally outside the home.

The first group includes forms of violence such as child abuse, intimate partner violence, and elder abuse.

The second group includes youth violence, accidental violence, sexual assault or rape of strangers, and violence in organizational settings such as orphanages, sports clubs, schools, schools, universities, offices, ministries, workplaces, prisons And even homes for the elderly, and there is still rape in these organizations. When interpersonal violence occurs in the family, its psychological / psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in the short and long term.

Violence or Child Abuse

Child Abuse - Abuse and neglect of children under 18 years. This includes all forms of physical or emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, neglect, and abuse of commerce or other children that actually or potentially lead to a child's health, survival, growth and prosperity in the relationship, Trust or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence is sometimes referred to as a form of child abuse.

Child abuse is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences that is both complex and difficult.

There are no reliable worldwide estimates of the prevalence of child abuse. Data is scarce for many countries, especially low-income and middle-income countries. Current estimates are widely used depending on the country and research method. Almost 20 percent of women and 5-10 percent of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25-50 percent of all children are physically abused.

The consequences of child maltreatment include impairment of lifelong physical and mental health and social and occupational performance (eg school, occupational and communication problems). In the end, they can accelerate the economic and social development of the country. Prevention of child maltreatment is possible before you begin and requires a multilateral approach. Effective prevention programs support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Continuous care of children and families can reduce the risk of abuse and minimize its consequences.

Youth Violence

 According to the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between 10 and 29 years of age. Youth violence refers to youth violence and includes acts ranging from physical violence to physical assault through intense sexual and physical assault.

Around the world, there are about 250,000 massacres between the ages of 10 and 29 every year, accounting for 41% of the world's total annual homicide each year ("Global Bearing", World Health Organization, 2008). For every young person killed, there are 20 to 40 more cases of injuries that require hospital treatment. Youth violence has a serious and often lifelong impact on one's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence drastically increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; decreases productivity; reduces property value; and generally weakens the fabric of society.

Prevention programs have been shown to be effective or promising to reduce youth violence, life skills and social development programs designed to assist children and adolescents in anger control, conflict resolution, and social skills development. Designed to solve problems. Sexual and psychological abuse prevention programs in schools, schools, mosques, offices; and programs to reduce access to alcohol, drugs, and illegal weapons. Also, given the neighborhood effects that affect youth violence, family-based interventions in less poor environments have shown encouraging results. Similarly, urban redevelopment projects, such as business improvement areas, have shown a decline in youth violence.

Different types of youth violence in youth include witnessing or engaging in physical, emotional, and sexual abuse (eg physical assault, bullying or rape, sexual assault) and violent acts such as shooting and robbery. According to researchers in 2018, "over half of children and adolescents living in cities have experienced some form of social violence." Violence "can all occur under one roof or in a particular community or neighborhood and occur at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth violence appears to be increasing due to the increasing number of illegal and illegal guns in the streets, especially in low-income neighborhoods. Youth violence has an immediate and long-lasting impact on whether the person receiving or witnessing the violence has. Our knowledge of the impact of traumatic brain injury on the brain, mind, and body is increasing day by day, so more studies have been conducted and results published. "Youth violence is one of the causes of adolescent and youth mortality. Some forms of youth violence, such as bullying, sadness or trauma, can cause severe emotional harm, non-physical injuries and long-term problems. "

The cost to individuals, families and the community at large is high and increasing. These people often have lifelong injuries, which means a constant doctor or doctor and a hospital that increases its cost rapidly. Because youth victims of youth violence may not be in school or work because of their physical or mental injuries, they often require family members to care for them (including paying for daily living and examinations and fees). Ph.D.) Their supervisors may have to lose their jobs or work fewer hours to help a victim of violence. This puts an extra burden on society, as victims and their supporters should benefit from government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has shown that childhood psychological damage can alter a child's brain. "Trauma (trauma / injury / injury) is known to physically affect the brain and body, causing anxiety, anger and the ability to focus. They can also create problems in remembering, trusting and building relationships. " Since the brain is used violently, it may be constantly alerted (similar to conflict or flight mode). "Researchers claim that youth exposed to violence may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have difficulty controlling emotions, attending school and lessons, eliminating friends or symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Be. " Young people who do not help and are under control may get more out of line.

It is important for young people to be exposed to violence in order to understand how their body responds so that they can take positive action to counter any short- and long-term negative effects (eg, low concentration, feeling depressed, increased anxiety). Taking immediate measures to reduce the effects of trauma (trauma / wound / trauma), they have experienced negative consequences, can be reduced or eliminated. As a first step, children need to understand why they may have a particular feeling and to know how they have experienced violence may cause negative emotions and behave differently. The pursuit of greater awareness of negative emotions, perceptions, and emotions is the first step to be experienced as part of the recovery from the traumas that result. "Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change our way is by knowing our inner experience and learning to love what's happening within us." If this early awareness phase is not complete enough, young people will then consciously or unconsciously continue to bully as a way to release their anger, compulsive behaviors (eating, drinking, and drugs), anger management problems, and avoiding social interactions. These behaviors may put them at greater risk for future violence in their lives.

Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence refers to intimate relationship behavior that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including physical assault, sexual acts, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors.

Demographic surveys, based on victim reports, provide the most accurate estimates of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-combat settings. A study by the WHO in 10 major developing countries found that between 15% and 49% of women between 15% (Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and adherence) women intimate partner physical and / or sexual violence. .

Intimate partner and sexual violence are seriously at risk for physical and mental, sexual and reproductive health of children and victims of short and long term life and result in high social and economic costs. These include both lethal and nonpolar trauma, depression and traumatic stress disorder, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.

Factors associated with conducting and experiencing violence A close partner of a low level of education, history or root cause of violence as a perpetrator, victim or witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes to violence as well as marital dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction. Factors associated with intimate partner violence include having multiple partners and having a sexual personality disorder.

A recent theory, called "criminal espionage", shows the effect of cross-pressure between partners that is exacerbated by violence. Violent turnaround may occur in other types of violence, but in partner violence, the added value is reciprocal turnaround based on the unique status and characteristics of intimate relationships.

The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for partner violence is a cohesive school planning for adolescents to prevent violence in friendly relationships. There is evidence for the effectiveness of several primary prevention strategies - those that combine financial crushing with gender equality education; improving communication and communication skills in communities; reducing access to and harmful use of alcohol; and changing cultural gender norms.

Sexual Violence

Meeting of Victims of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Sexual violence Any sexual act, attempting to obtain a sexual act, sexually explicit or unwanted advances, or attempting to gain contact or trade in sex, or briefly in relation to a person's sex, by force , By any person, regardless of their relationship with the victim, in any environment. This includes rape, as forced physical penetration or separately from the nerve or obstruction with the penis, other part or other body.

According to victims' reports based on population surveys, it is estimated that between 0.3% -11.5% women have experienced sexual violence. Gender-based violence has serious short-term and long-term consequences on the physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health of its victims and children, as described in the “Heartfelt Partner Violence” section. If committed in childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol abuse and dangerous sexual behaviors later in life. It is also associated with violence and victims of violence.

Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as domestic violence. Specific risk factors for sexual violence include family self-esteem and sexual purity, male sexuality ideologies, and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence.

Many interventions have been effective in preventing sexual violence. School-based programs to prevent child abuse by teaching children to diagnose and avoid sexual abuse situations, they are implemented in many parts of the world and seem promising but need more research. In order to achieve lasting change, it is important to enact laws and develop policies that support women. Promote discrimination against women and promote gender equality and contribute to the cultural movement of violence.

Abuse of the Elderly

Abuse of the elderly is a single or repeated act or failure to take appropriate action that occurs in any relationship that expects trust to cause harm or discomfort to a mature person. This type of violence is not only a violation of human rights but also a violation of Islamic law and includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional; financial and substance abuse; neglect; and loss of dignity and respect.

While little is known about the extent of abuse in the elderly, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4-6% of elderly people in high-income countries experience some mistreatment at home. Mohsen is often afraid of reporting abuse to family, friends or authorities. Problems with institutions such as hospitals and other long-term care facilities are low. Misuse of aging can lead to serious physical injury and long-term psychological consequences. Abuse of the elderly is expected to increase as many countries rapidly experience aging populations.

Many strategies have been put in place to prevent and treat elder abuse and its consequences, including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (victims and potential abusers), supportive care interventions (such as stress management, Immediate Care) and self-help groups. However, their effectiveness has not been well proven so far.

Targeted Violence

A number of the rare but painful cases of assassination, assassination and school shooting in elementary, middle school, kindergarten, colleges and universities in the United States have led to substantial research into the specific behaviors of those who planned or organized such attacks. They do. These studies (1995–2002) provide research that authors have termed “targeted violence”, describe the “path of violence” of those planning or carrying out attacks, and provide suggestions for law enforcement and educators.

Everyday Violence

As an anthropological concept, "everyday violence" may refer to the integration of different types of violence (mainly political violence) into daily behaviors.

Agents / Factors

Violence cannot be attributed to a single factor. The causes are complex and occur at different levels. To illustrate this complexity, the ecological or social ecological model is often used. The fourth version of the following ecological model is often used in the study of violence:

The first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence people's behavior and increases the likelihood of being a victim or agent of violence: demographic characteristics (age, education, income), genetics, brain damage, personality disorders, substance abuse And a history of experiencing, witnessing, or engaging in violent behavior.

The second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends. For example, in youth violence, having friends who are involved in or encourage violence increases the risk of violence. For intimate partner violence, a consistent marker at this level of modeling is marital conflict or conflict. In elder abuse, important stressors are due to the nature of the past relationship between the abused person and the caregiver.

The third level examines social contexts, namely schools, workplaces and neighborhoods. Risk at this level may be factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the lack of social networks, and centralized poverty. All of these factors are important in several types of violence.

Finally, Level 4 addresses the increasing social factors that lead to an environment in which violence is encouraged or contained: response to the criminal justice system, social and cultural norms related to gender roles or parent-child relationships, income inequality, power Social welfare, social acceptance of violence, availability of weapons, exposure to violence in the mass media, and political instability.

Child Rearing

Cross-cultural studies have shown that the increasing prevalence of corporal punishment of children predicts high levels of violence in societies. For example, a 2005 analysis of 186 pre-industrial societies found that corporal punishment was higher in societies that also increased the rate of murder, rape, and war. In the United States, domestic corporal punishment is associated with violent acts after the use of families and spouses. While studies have shown that the link between child punishment and recent rape can prove that physical punishment increases rape, a number of longitudinal studies have shown that the experience of physical punishment has a direct scientific effect on subsequent offensive behaviors. Murray A. Straus, an American violent researcher, believes that disciplinary punishment is "the most common and most important form of violence in American families" whose effects relate to several important social issues, including domestic violence and later crime.

Psychology

The causes of violent behavior in humans are often the subject of research in psychology. Jan Volavka, a neuro physicist, emphasizes that "violent behavior is defined as physical aggressive behavior against another person".

According to the idea of ​​human nature, scientists believe that violence is inherent in human nature. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both cases of violence and tranquility as primary features.

Because violence is a subject of understanding as well as a measurable phenomenon, psychologists find a shift in whether they perceive some physical acts as "violent". For example, in a state where execution is a legal punishment, we do not usually see executions as "violent", although we can act in a more metaphorical way than the government. Likewise, the perception of violence is related to a transgressive relationship between rape and victimization: therefore psychologists have shown that individuals may not use forcefully as a force, even when the amount of force used is significantly more than the original rape.

The image of a "violent man" is often discussed in human violence. Dale Peterson and Richard Wranghamin write "Peoples of Democracy: Humans and the Origin of Human Violence" that violence is inherent in humans, though inevitable. However, William L. Ury, author of "Do We Have to Fight? From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard - A New Perspective on Violent Conflict and Preventing It" is the myth of the bio-killer ape. His book criticizes discussions from two Harvard Law School conferences. The conclusion is that "we also have many natural mechanisms for cooperation, continuation of conflict, control of infiltration and overcoming conflicts. These are natural as our offensive tendencies."

Psychiatrist James Gilligan argues that most violent behaviors are an attempt to eliminate the sense of shame and humiliation that he calls "his own death." The use of violence is often a source of pride and a defense of honor, especially among men who believe that violence is the concept of masculinity.

Media / Violent Media Investigations

Media and violence research examines whether there is a relationship between consumer media violence and violent behavior. Although some scholars have argued that media violence can increase rape, this view is increasingly in doubt in the scientific community and rejected by the US Supreme Court in the Brown v EMA case and also in its review. The brutality of video games by the Australian government (2010), which provided evidence of harmful effects, was at best unsuccessful, and the rhetoric of some researchers was inconsistent with good information.

Prevention

Threatening and executing corporal punishment is a tried-and-true method of preventing violence that has begun since civilization. It is used in many countries.

Interpersonal Violence

A review of the WHO scientific literature on the effectiveness of interpersonal violence prevention strategies identified the following seven strategies as supporting strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of ecological modeling.

１.   Child Care Relationships

Among the most effective programs to prevent abuse of children and to reduce childhood rape are family retirement plans and the triple plan (Parent Program). There is also new evidence that these programs increase condemnation and acts of violence in adolescence and early adulthood, and possibly reduce intimate partner violence and PA in later life.

２.   Youth Life Skills

Evidence suggests that life skills in social development programs can interfere with violence, improve social skills, improve educational attainment, and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioral skills that help children and adolescents deal effectively with the challenges of daily living.

３.   Gender Equality

Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions aimed at preventing violence against women by promoting gender equality. For example, evidence suggests that programs that combine financial institutions with gender justice education can reduce intimate partner violence. School-based training programs such as the Safe Dates program in the United States and the Youth Communications Project in Canada are effective in reducing dating violence.

４.   Cultural Norms

Behavioral laws or expectations - the norms - in a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that kill cultural and social norms that support violence can prevent violence and be widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions related to sex trafficking and sexual abuse among adolescents by challenging gender-specific social and cultural norms is supported by some evidence.

５.   Supported Apps

Interventions are needed to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support to protect the health and break down the violence from generation to generation. Examples of emerging evidence of effectiveness include: screening tools to identify victims of intimate partner violence and referral to appropriate services; psychological interventions - such as behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral trauma (trauma, injury / wound) - to reduce mental health problems Violence-related, including traumatic stress disorder and safeguards, which prohibit officers from contacting victims, to reduce the frequency of repeat victims among victims of intimate partner violence.

６.   Collective Violence

Not surprisingly, the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to prevent violence is lacking. However, policies that facilitate poverty reduction, which make decision-making more accountable, reduce inequality between groups, as well as policies that promote access to biological, chemical, nuclear and weapons Reduces the other. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include early-stage assessment of the most vulnerable and their needs, coordination of activities between different players, and efforts to achieve global, national, and local capabilities to deliver Effective health services during various emergency stages.

７.   Criminal Justice / Criminal Justice

One of the main duties of the law is to regulate violence. Sociologist Max Weber has stated that the government claims to be a monopoly on the legal use of force exercised within a specific territory. Law enforcement is the main tool for regulating civilian violence in society. Governments regulate individuals and political authorities such as the police and the army through legal systems. Civil societies apply a number of violence perpetrated by the police to maintain the status quo and enforce laws.

Hannah Arendt, a German political theorist, remarked: "Violence can be justified, but it will never be legal ... its justification loses confidence beyond its intended purpose. Bring the future to the fore, no one abuses violence in self-defense, because the danger is not only clear, but present, and the ending is immediate. ”Arendt made a clear distinction between violence and power. Most political theorists saw violence as a severe demonstration of power, while Arendt regarded two concepts as dissent. The government of democracy may have lost more than 260 million of its people through violence, execution, massacres, concentration camps, and in some cases through intentional famine.

Violent acts that are not perpetrated by the military or police and are usually not self-defense are usually classified as crimes, though not all are violent crimes. Property damage in some jurisdictions, but not in all cases, is classified as a crime of violence. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has reported violence leading to murder in criminal homicide and justified retribution (eg self-defense).

The criminal justice approach considers its primary task as enforcing laws that punish violence and ensuring "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt and suspicion focus on the criminal justice approach to violence, and one of the main tasks of the criminal justice system is to "do justice", to ensure that criminals are properly identified, guilty as accurately as possible. Have been found to be punished and appropriately punished. To prevent violence and respond to it, the criminal justice approach mainly contributes to deterrence, imprisonment and punishment and the rehabilitation of criminals.

The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized that interventions shown are aimed at those who have previously been subjected to violence, either as victims or as criminals. One of the main reasons for arrested, tried and convicted offenders is to avoid further offenses (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), disability (preventing physical offenses by locking them in) and Through rehabilitation (using time spent in government oversight to develop skills or change their psychology to reduce the likelihood of future crimes).

In recent decades, in many countries around the world, the criminal justice system has paid more attention to preventing violence before it occurs. For example, many suspicious local police programs do not increase the goal of reducing crime and violence by changing the conditions that increase it and do not increase the number of arrests. In fact, some police leaders have so far gone on to say that the police should be a crime prevention organization first. The juvenile justice system - an important component of the criminal justice system - is largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the United States, the criminal justice system, for example, has resolved school and community initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and understanding education. In 1974, the US Department of Justice took primary responsibility for abuse prevention programs and established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Violence Prevention, which supports the program of violence prevention programs at the University of Colorado Boulder. has done.

Public Health/General Health

The public health approach is a science-based, population-based, interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary relationship based on an ecological model that emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the mental health approach aims to provide maximum benefit to the largest number of people, and to better care and safety for the whole population. The public health approach is an interdisciplinary approach based on the knowledge of many disciplines of medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Since all forms of violence are multifaceted, the public health approach emphasizes multi-sectoral response. It has been repeatedly proven that collaborative efforts from diverse sectors such as health, education, social welfare and criminal justice are often needed to resolve what is commonly referred to as a "criminal" or "medical" problem. The public health approach assumes that violence, rather than being the result of a single factor, is the result of multiple factors and risk factors, at the four levels of a latent hierarchy (individual, close / family, community, and broader community). Ecological.

From a public health perspective or perspective, prevention strategies can be divided into three types:

Initial Prevention - Approaches aimed at preventing violence earlier.

Secondary prevention - Approaches that focus on more immediate responses to violence, such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment of sexually transmitted infections after rape.

Stabilization prevention - Approaches focusing on long-term care during violence, such as rehabilitation and reintegration, and efforts to reduce violence or long-term disability-related disability.

The public health approach emphasizes primary prevention of violence, that is, preventing it from happening in the first place. Until recently, this approach has been relatively overlooked and most sources have been directed to secondary prevention. Perhaps the most important element of a public health approach to prevention is the ability to identify the underlying causes, not focus on other visible symptoms. This allows for the development and testing of effective approaches to addressing underlying causes and thus improving health.

The public health approach is an evidence-based, systematic process comprising the following four steps:

１.   Define conceptual and numerical problem, using statistics to accurately describe the nature and extent of violence, the characteristics of those most affected, the geographical distribution of events, and the consequences of exposure to such violence.

２.   Examine why this problem is addressed by identifying the causes and factors associated with it, the factors that increase or decrease the risk of it occurring (risk and protective factors), and the factors that may be changeable through intervention.

３.   Explore ways to prevent this problem using the information above and design, monitor and accurately evaluate the effectiveness of programs through the evaluation of results.

４.   Publish information about the effectiveness of programs and increase the scale of proven effective programs. Violence prevention approaches, whether targeted at individuals or across communities, must be evaluated for effectiveness and common outcomes. This step also includes adapting programs to local contexts and evaluating them accurately to ensure their effectiveness in the new environment.

Human Rights

The human rights approach is based on governments' commitments to respect, protect and enforce human rights, and thus to prevent, eradicate and punish violence. He considers this violence to be a violation of many human rights: the rights to life, liberty, independence and security of person; equality and non-discrimination; Right to the highest acceptable level of health. These human rights are enshrined in international and regional treaties, constitutions, and national laws that encompass the obligations of governments and include mechanisms for responding to governments. For example, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires that States Parties to the Convention take the necessary measures to end violence against women. Article 19 of this law states that States Parties shall take all appropriate legal, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child against all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse. Use, neglect or negligent behavior, abuse or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of a parent, legal guardian, or any other person who cares for the child.

Geographical Location

Violence, as defined in the dictionary of human geography, "appears whenever power is in danger" and "is itself devoid of power and purpose: it is part of a larger matrix of power struggles. Violence can be broadly divided into three broad categories: direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence. As such, it is defined and defined, as Hyndman says, "Geography was late in the theory of violence "compared to other social sciences. Social and human geography rooted in the human, Marxist, and feminist contexts. It is a travesty that, after the initial positivist approaches and subsequent behavioral shifts, have long been subject to social and spatial justice, along with critical geographies and political geographers, this geographical grouping that often deals with violence. Having this notion of social / spatial justice geographically is worth considering geographical approaches to violence in politics.

… TO BE CONTINUED

Sources

·         Barzilai, Gad (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1.

·         Benjamin, Walter, Critique of Violence

·         Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T. & Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-60785-X.

·         James, Paul; Sharma, RR (2006). Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict. London: Sage Publications.

·         Malešević, Siniša The Sociology of War and Violence. Cambridge University Press; 2010 [cited October 17, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-521-73169-0.

·         Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In: History & Mathematics. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. P.127-148. ISBN 978-5-484-01001-1.

·         Violence prevention at World Health Organization

·         Violence prevention at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

·         Violence prevention at American Psychological Association

·         World Report on Violence Against Children at Secretary-General of the United Nations

·         Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children at UNICEF